Contratación de estudiantes de enfermería en el contexto de la pandemia por COVID-19 en México. Una respuesta rápida a la emergencia de salud / Recruitment of nursing students in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico. A rapid response to the health emergency

Resumen El gobierno mexicano, como parte de la respuesta al COVID-19, puso en juego una estrategia para aumentar la dotación de personal de enfermería que incluyó la graduación prematura de estudiantes universitarios para incorporarlos en el frente de la atención. El objetivo del estudio fue analizar las experiencias de estudiantes de enfermería contratados por instituciones de salud para la atención de pacientes COVID. El estudio es cualitativo exploratorio. Incluyó 12 participantes que durante la pasantía recibieron y aceptaron propuestas de empleo en instituciones de salud para la atención de pacientes. Los datos se recolectaron a través de entrevistas semiestructuradas, previo consentimiento informado. Las experiencias de los participantes se integraron en tres temas: los estudiantes aprovecharon la modificación de los reglamentos del servicio social para poder contratarse con una institución e integrarse a la atención del COVID-19; las condiciones de contratación y remuneración estuvieron plagadas de anomalías con importantes informalidades en el proceso; y la preparación para la atención fue muy incipiente por lo que el aprendizaje se llevó a cabo en el proceso mismo de la atención. La pandemia representó para los participantes una oportunidad de ingresar en condiciones extraordinarias y precarias al mercado laboral de enfermería.

Abstract The Mexican government implemented a strategy to increase nursing staff in response to COVID-19, including the early graduation of university students, to incorporate them into the care frontline. This exploratory qualitative study aimed to analyze nursing students' experiences recruited by health institutions to care for COVID patients. It included 12 participants who received and accepted job proposals in health institutions for patient care during their internship. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with prior informed consent. The experiences of the participants were integrated into three themes: the students took advantage of the modified social service regulations to be recruited by an institution and integrate into COVID-19 care; the recruitment and remuneration conditions were plagued with anomalies and important informalities in the process; and the preparation for care was very incipient, so learning occurred in the very care process. The pandemic allowed the participants to enter the nursing labor market in extraordinary and substandard conditions.

Burden of non-communicable diseases and behavioural risk factors in Mexico: Trends and gender observational analysis.

Background: There is scarce gender-disaggregated evidence on the burden of disease (BD) worldwide and this is particularly prominent in low- and middle-income countries. The objective of this study is to compare the BD caused by non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and related risk factors by gender in Mexican adults. Methods: We retrieved disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) estimates for diabetes, cancers and neoplasms, chronic cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), and chronic kidney disease (CKD) from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study from 1990-2019. Age-standardized death rates were calculated using official mortality microdata from 2000 to 2020. Then, we analysed national health surveys to depict tobacco and alcohol use and physical inactivity from 2000-2018. Women-to-men DALYs and mortality rates and prevalence ratios (WMR) were calculated as a measure of gender gap. Findings: Regarding DALYs, WMR was >1 for diabetes, cancers, and CKD in 1990, indicating a higher burden in women. WMR decreased over time in all NCDs, except for CRDs, which increased to 0.78. However, WMR was <1 for all in 2019. The mortality-WMR was >1 for diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in 2000 and <1 for the rest of the conditions. The WMR decreased in all cases, except for CRDs, which was <1 in 2020. The WMR for tobacco and alcohol use remained under 1. For physical inactivity, it was >1 and increasing. Conclusions: The gender gap has changed for selected NCDs in favour of women, except for CRDs. Women face a lower BD and are less affected by tobacco and alcohol use but face a higher risk of physical inactivity. Policymakers should consider a gendered approach for designing effective policies to reduce the burden of NCDs and health inequities.

Exploración de facilitadores y barreras para implementar los roles ampliados de enfermería en México / Exploring facilitators and barriers to implementing expanded nursing roles in Mexico / Estudo de facilitadores e barreiras para a implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem no México

RESUMEN Objetivo. Explorar la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería respecto a los facilitadores y las barreras para la implementación de funciones ampliadas de enfermería en una entidad federativa de México. Métodos. Estudio cualitativo de tipo descriptivo con enfoque fenomenológico. Durante el 2022 se realizaron 18 entrevistas semiestructuradas a tres tipos de informantes: a) jefaturas estatales de enfermería, b) jefaturas jurisdiccionales de enfermería, y c) jefaturas de unidad de salud y personal de enfermería operativo (atención directa a pacientes). Resultados. Se identificaron los siguientes facilitadores: disposición de adopción de la estrategia (postura favorable de directivos y aceptabilidad del personal de enfermería), reorganización de funciones (simplificación de procesos y análisis de la situación de unidades de salud) y acceso a la capacitación y características del personal de enfermería (profesionalización, experiencia laboral y actitud favorable). Entre las barreras se encontraron: contexto del primer nivel de atención (falta de personal, exceso de actividades administrativas, falta de espacio físico, carencia de material, insumos y consumibles), resistencia al cambio (celo profesional por otras disciplinas y duplicidad de tareas), salarios del personal, falta de actualización, poca confianza para el incremento de funciones y actitud de los pacientes (resistencia a la atención por enfermería). Conclusiones. Comprender la percepción de los profesionales de enfermería permite identificar elementos clave para la ampliación exitosa de las funciones de enfermería a partir de la expansión de competencias laborales del personal operativo; será necesaria una reorganización y una gestión adecuada en los diferentes niveles de toma de decisiones.

ABSTRACT Objective. To explore the perceptions of nursing professionals regarding facilitators and barriers to the implementation of expanded nursing functions in a state in central Mexico. Methods. Qualitative descriptive phenomenological study. During 2022, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with three types of informants: a) head nurses at state-level facilities; b) head nurses at local-level facilities; and c) heads of health units and operational nursing staff who have direct contact with patients. Results. The following facilitators were identified: willingness to adopt the strategy (seen as favorable by managers and acceptable by nursing staff); reorganization of functions (simplification of processes and analysis of the situation of health units); access to training; and characteristics of nursing staff (professionalization, work experience, and favorable attitude). Barriers included: conditions at the first level of care (personnel shortages, too many administrative activities, lack of physical space, materials, supplies, and consumables), resistance to change (professional jealousy of other disciplines and duplication of tasks), staff salaries, lack of training, not trusted with expanded duties, and attitude of patients (resistance to nursing care). Conclusions. By understanding the perceptions of nursing professionals, we can identify key elements for the successful expansion of nursing functions through expansion of the competencies of operational staff. Reorganization and proper management at different levels of decision-making will be necessary.

RESUMO Objetivo. Explorar as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem sobre os facilitadores e as barreiras à implementação de funções ampliadas de enfermagem em um estado do México. Métodos. Estudo qualitativo descritivo com abordagem fenomenológica. Em 2022, foram realizadas 18 entrevistas semiestruturadas com três tipos de informantes: a) chefes estaduais de enfermagem; b) chefes jurisdicionais de enfermagem; e c) chefes de unidades de saúde e profissionais de enfermagem que fazem atendimento direto aos pacientes. Resultados. Os seguintes facilitadores foram identificados: disposição para adotar a estratégia (atitude favorável dos gerentes e aceitação da equipe de enfermagem), reorganização das funções (simplificação dos processos e análise da situação das unidades de saúde) e acesso a capacitação e características da equipe de enfermagem (profissionalização, experiência de trabalho e atitude favorável). As barreiras encontradas incluem: contexto do primeiro nível de atenção (falta de pessoal, excesso de atividades administrativas, falta de espaço físico, falta de materiais, insumos e consumíveis), resistência à mudança (zelo profissional de outras disciplinas e duplicação de tarefas), salários do pessoal, falta de atualização, pouca confiança na expansão das funções e atitude dos pacientes (resistência ao atendimento por profissionais de enfermagem). Conclusões. Entender as percepções dos profissionais de enfermagem permite a identificação de elementos-chave para a expansão bem-sucedida das funções de enfermagem por meio da expansão das competências de trabalho dos profissionais que atendem pacientes; serão necessários reorganização e gerenciamento adequado nos diferentes níveis de tomada de decisão.

The Sustainable Development Goals and Technological Capacity / Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible y las capacidades tecnológicas / Os Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a capacidade tecnológica

SUMMARY In order to achieve the Sustainable Development and Health Goals, it is essential to increase the technological capacity of the most disadvantaged populations. In the 21st century, the necessary technologies for this exist. The gap in technological capacity reflects the existence of a technological gradient between large- and small-scale production, due to an absence of incentives for innovation and a lack of technological dissemination in small businesses and communities. Technological change is central to development, but it is a public good that the market economy does not provide efficiently. Providing it requires the implementation of public policies aimed at technological innovation and dissemination. Reducing the technological gradient is therefore a major part of the United Nations 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development and the Pan American Health Organization's 2018-2030 Sustainable Health Agenda for the Americas. This also applies to the development of health systems, which function as a redistribution mechanism to break poverty traps. In addition, experiences in these systems are relevant to the implementation of policies that increase technological capacities aimed at reducing poverty, improving social determinants of health, and thereby reducing the scale of the human development trap.

RESUMEN Para lograr los objetivos de desarrollo y salud sostenibles, es esencial incrementar las capacidades tecnológicas de las poblaciones más desfavorecidas. Entrado el siglo XXI, existen las tecnologías necesarias para ello. El déficit en capacidades tecnológicas se debe a la existencia de un gradiente tecnológico entre la producción de gran y de pequeña escalas, debido a la falta de incentivos para la innovación y la difusión en empresas y comunidades pequeñas. En estos ámbitos el cambio tecnológico, punto medular del desarrollo, es un bien público que la economía de mercado no provee eficientemente. Su provisión requiere la aplicación de políticas públicas de innovación y difusión tecnológicas. La reducción del gradiente tecnológico constituye, pues, parte medular de la Agenda 2030 para el Desarrollo Sostenible, de las Naciones Unidas, y la Agenda de Salud Sostenible para las Américas 2018-2030, de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud. Esto es aplicable, así mismo, al desarrollo de los sistemas de salud, que funcionan también como mecanismos de redistribución para romper las trampas de pobreza. Asimismo, las experiencias en esos sistemas tienen relevancia para aplicar políticas de incremento de capacidades tecnológicas que disminuyan la pobreza, mejoren los determinantes sociales de la salud y, con ello, reduzcan la magnitud de la trampa de desarrollo humano.

RESUMO Para alcançar os objetivos de desenvolvimento e saúde sustentáveis, é fundamental aumentar a capacidade tecnológica das populações mais desfavorecidas. Com a entrada do século XXI, há tecnologias necessárias para isso. O déficit em capacidade tecnológica decorre de um gradiente tecnológico entre a produção em pequena e larga escala pela falta de incentivos à inovação e difusão em empresas e comunidades pequenas. Nestas esferas, a evolução tecnológica, que é o eixo do desenvolvimento, é um bem público que não é provido de forma eficiente pela economia de mercado. Políticas públicas de inovação e difusão tecnológicas são necessárias. Diminuir o gradiente tecnológico constitui, portanto, a base da Agenda 2030 para o Desenvolvimento Sustentável, da Agenda das Nações Unidas e da Agenda de Saúde Sustentável para as Américas 2018-2030 da Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde. Requer também o desenvolvimento dos sistemas de saúde que servem como mecanismos de redistribuição para romper com as armadilhas da pobreza. Ademais, a experiência adquirida nesses sistemas é indispensável para instituir políticas de aumento da capacidade tecnológica que diminuam a pobreza, melhorem os determinantes sociais da saúde e, assim, reduzam a dimensão da armadilha do desenvolvimento humano.

Cancer survivorship needs in Brazil: Patient and family perspective.

INTRODUCTION: Cancer Survivorship is a growing public health challenge. Effective responses from health care and social services depend on appropriate identification of survivors and their families´ specific needs. There are few studies on survivorship in low and middle-income countries, therefore, more evidence-based studies are necessary to develop a comprehensive approach to cancer survivorship. OBJECTIVES: Identify the needs of cancer survivors and their relatives, specifically those of individuals with breast, cervical or prostate cancer, and with acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). METHODS: A qualitative, exploratory study conducted in two referral institutions in Brazil, located in Rio de Janeiro (Southeast region) and Fortaleza (Northeast region). The study included 47 patients of public and private health services and 12 family members. We used script-based semi-structured interviews. The discursive material obtained was categorized and analyzed using the Thematic Analysis approach. RESULTS: The analysis identified three central themes: 1) consequences of cancer treatment; 2) Changes in daily life associated with cancer survivorship; and 3) Unmet structural needs in cancer survivorship. CONCLUSION: Social and cancer control policies in Brazil should provide resources, specific care standards and clinical, psychological and social support. Cancer survivors should also receive rehabilitation and work reintegration guidelines. This matter requires broader access to qualified cancer information, development of an integrated patient-centered care and care model, and more research resources for the country's post-treatment cancer period.

Regulación de la enfermería en México: actores, procesos y resultados / Regulation of nursing in Mexico: actors, processes and outcomes

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la estructura regulatoria de la enfermería en México, a través de la normatividad y los actores involucrados. Se desarrolló un estudio de caso con uso de fuentes de información cualitativa, cuantitativa y revisión de documentación oficial. El análisis integró los datos obtenidos de las fuentes de acuerdo con cuatro dimensiones propuestas por Moran & Wood (1993). La dimensión con mayores avances es el ingreso al mercado ya que el Estado regula el ingreso a través de una licencia de práctica. La regulación de la competencia es débil y muestra áreas aisladas de práctica autónoma. El mercado laboral ofrece condiciones variadas de inserción con muestras claras de deterioro. El mecanismo de pago dominante es el salario de las instituciones públicas mostrando una estructura que incorpora un componente que no cotiza para la pensión al término del ciclo laboral. La regulación de la enfermería es un componente de su profesionalización y como tal se distingue como un proceso en marcha en vías de consolidación, particularmente aquellas dimensiones relacionadas con la regulación de la competencia, la estructura del mercado y los mecanismos de pago en el cual la enfermería y sus representantes deben jugar un papel más activo.

Abstract This paper aims to analyze the regulatory structure of nursing in Mexico through its legislation and perspectives of participant stakeholders. A case study was undertaken using qualitative and quantitative data sources, as well as from the review of official documents. The analysis included data from the sources according to the four realms proposed by the Moran & Wood (1993) model. The more advanced realm was the market entry since the state regulates entry through a license of practice. The regulation of competition is weak, showing very reduced areas of autonomous practice. The labor market is offering a wide variety of entry options with clear signs of deterioration. The dominant payment mechanism is salary, showing a structure that incorporates a component that does not impact on pensions at the end of the labor cycle. The regulation of nursing is a component of its professionalization, and as such, it is understood as a multidimensional consolidating process, particularly realms related to the regulation of competition, market structure, and payment mechanisms, in which nursing representatives should play a more active role in the future.

Welfare effects of health insurance in Mexico: The case of Seguro Popular de Salud.

This study contributes with original empirical evidence on the distributional and welfare effects of one of the most important health policies implemented by the Mexican government in the last decade, the Seguro Popular de Salud (SPS). We analyze the effect of SPS on households' welfare using a decomposable index that considers insured and uninsured households' response to out-of-pocket (OOP) payments using both social welfare weights and inequality aversion. The disaggregation of the welfare index allows us to explore the heterogeneity of the SPS impact on households' welfare. We applied propensity score matching to reduce the self-selection bias of being SPS insured. Overall results suggest non-conclusive results of the impact of SPS on households' welfare. When we disaggregated the welfare index by different sub-population groups, our results suggest that households' beneficiaries of SPS with older adults or living in larger cities are better protected against OOP health care payments than their uninsured counterparts. However, no effect was found among SPS-insured households living in rural and smaller cities, which is a result that could be attributed to limited access to health resources in these regions. Scaling up health insurance coverage is a necessary but not sufficient condition to ensure the protection of SPS coverage against financial risks among the poor.

Rectoría y gobernanza: dimensiones estructurantes para la implementación de Políticas de Atención Primaria de Salud en el Paraguay, 2008-2017 / Stewardship and governance: structuring dimensions for Implementation Primary Health Care Policies in Paraguay, 2008-2017

Resumen Este estudio analiza las modalidades de conducción en la implementación de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) en Paraguay en tres periodos gubernamentales (2008 -2012, 2012 - 2013 y 2013 - 2017) y en tres niveles de gestión (nacional, regional y local). La metodología se basó en el análisis de categorías a priori seleccionadas sobre dimensiones y sub-dimensiones de la Rectoría y gobernanza de esta política pública, con enfoque cualitativo, basada en la teoría fundamentada. Un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas fue dirigido a una muestra de actores sociales, políticos y técnicos: ministros, coordinadores, gerentes, asesores y expertos de organismos internacionales. El procesamiento de los datos se realizó combinando la utilización del software Atlas Ti, complementada con el ordenamiento de hallazgos en una matriz estructurada en Excel. Diferencias de liderazgo, mecanismos regulatorios, capacidades técnicas para la planificación y gestión sanitaria, y modalidades de ejecución financiera han afectado la continuidad de los procesos necesarios para el incremento y fortalecimiento de la APS. Los hallazgos demuestran los límites y posibilidades de implementación de esta política de salud en Paraguay, demostrando la necesidad de mayor cualificación de la gestión y estabilidad política en su conducción.

Abstract This study analyzes the conduction patterns of implementing Primary Health Care (PHC) in Paraguay in three government periods (2008-2012, 2012-2013 and 2013-2017) and three management levels (national, regional and local). This is a qualitative study based on grounded theory. A priori categories on PHC stewardship and governance in Paraguay were analyzed. An open-ended questionnaire was applied to a sample of social, political and technical stakeholders: ministers, coordinators, managers, consultants, and international organizations' experts. Data were processed combining the use of Atlas Ti software and sorting findings in a structured Excel matrix. Gaps in leadership, regulatory mechanisms, technical capacities for health planning and management and financial implementation methods have affected PHC continuous expansion and strengthening process. The findings show limitations and possibilities for the implementation of this health policy in Paraguay, evidencing the need for greater qualification of management and political stability in its conduction.

Eficiencia de los recursos humanos en salud: una aproximación a su análisis en México / Efficiency of human resources for health: an approach to its analysis in Mexico

Resumen: Objetivo: Analizar indicadores de eficiencia de los recursos humanos (RH) de la Secretaría de Salud de México. Material y métodos: Utilizando información secundaria se exploraron tres dimensiones de eficiencia: a) desperdicio de fuerza laboral, b) distribución de RH entre niveles de atención, y c) productividad. Resultados: El grupo de trabajadores de salud analizado se caracteriza por presentar niveles importantes de desempleo y subempleo de RH, una distribución distante de las recomendaciones internacionales y niveles de producción heterogéneos entre los estados. Conclusiones: Es imperativo diseñar e implementar un plan de RH en salud alineado a las necesidades y demandas de las poblaciones cubiertas que contemple medidas regulatorias del mercado de formación de estos recursos, su distribución entre y al interior de los sistemas estatales de salud y la generación de incentivos para el desempeño.

Abstract: Objective: To analyze efficiency indicators of human resources working at Mexico's Ministry of Health. Materials and methods: Three dimensions of efficiency were explored: a) labor wastage, b) distribution of human resources (HR) across levels of care, and c) productivity. Results: Health workers present significant levels of unemployment and underemployment; distribution does not meet international recommendations, and heterogeneous levels of productivity were found among states. Conclusions: Health and educational authorities should develop and implement a HR plan that takes into consideration the needs and demands of the covered population, and includes a clearly defined set of measures to regulate the future production of HR as well as their distribution among and within state health systems, and that allocates incentives to improve performance.

Breast cancer policy in Latin America: account of achievements and challenges in five countries.

BACKGROUND: The recent increase of breast cancer mortality has put on alert to most countries in the region. However it has taken some time before breast cancer could be considered as a relevant problem. Only in recent years breast cancer has been considered a priority in some Latin American countries and resources have been mobilized to confront the problem at the institutional level. The article analyzes the efforts made in five Latin American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela) in the last 15 years to design and implement policies to address the growing incidence of breast cancer. METHODS: Data was collected between July and December 2010 from both primary and secondary sources. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key informants from governmental and non-governmental organizations. Secondary data was obtained from publications in journals, government reports and official statistics in each country. Analysis combines information from both types of sources. RESULTS: Countries have followed different paths and are in different stages of policy implementation. In all cases early detection is a key strategy. Through the design of programs and guidelines, the allocation of financial resources to treat patients, as well as a formally structured information system, Brazil and Mexico have been able to set up comprehensive national policies. Argentina, Colombia and Venezuela have made important advancements but not yet capable of coordinating comprehensive national policies. CONCLUSION: Breast cancer is being considered a priority in all five countries but there are different stages in the rolling out of comprehensive national policies due to differences in their capacity to allocate resources, implement operational strategies and encourage the participation of relevant stakeholders.

Redesigning primary care to tackle the global epidemic of noncommunicable disease.

Noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) have become the major contributors to death and disability worldwide. Nearly 80% of the deaths in 2010 occurred in low- and middle-income countries, which have experienced rapid population aging, urbanization, rise in smoking, and changes in diet and activity. Yet the health systems of low- and middle-income countries, historically oriented to infectious disease and often severely underfunded, are poorly prepared for the challenge of caring for people with cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer, and chronic respiratory disease. We have discussed how primary care can be redesigned to tackle the challenge of NCDs in resource-constrained countries. We suggest that four changes will be required: integration of services, innovative service delivery, a focus on patients and communities, and adoption of new technologies for communication.

Servicio social en medicina en México: una reforma urgente y posible / Social service in medicine in Mexico: an urgent and possible reform

Una tercera parte de las unidades de atención primaria del sistema público continúa siendo cubierta exclusivamente por pasantes. Se demuestra que con los recursos del Sistema de Protección Social en Salud es posible contratar personal de salud profesional para todas las unidades rurales de la Secretaría de Salud. Es necesario modificar la regulación vigente para impedir que un pasante sea ubicado en una unidad de salud sin supervisión de un médico graduado. Se vuelve urgente una reforma del servicio social en medicina que vaya acorde con la modernización institucional y el aumento de la exigencia de la nueva población asegurada.

One third of the primary care units in the public system keeps being covered exclusively by interns. It is shown that with the resources available in the System for Social Protection in Health it is possible to hire graduate health personnel for all Ministry of Health rural units. It is necessary to modify the current legislation to impede an intern to be located in units without supervision of a graduate doctor. There is an urgent need for a reform of social service in medicine that responds both to the institutional modernization and to the increased capacity of the newly insured to demand high-quality services.

Hacia la cobertura universal en salud: protección social para todos en México

México alcanzará la cobertura universal en salud en 2012. El seguro nacional de salud denominado Seguro Popular, introducido en 2003, garantiza el acceso a un paquete de servicios de salud integrales con protección financiera a más de 50 millones de mexicanos previamente excluidos de la seguridad social. La cobertura universal en México es sinónimo de protección social en salud. Este informe analiza el camino hacia la cobertura universal en sus tres dimensiones de protección: a) contra riesgos para la salud, b) de los pacientes a través de la garantía de calidad de la atención a la salud y c) contra las consecuencias financieras de la enfermedad y las lesiones. Se presenta una discusión conceptual sobre la transición de una seguridad social basada en la condición laboral a la protección social en salud, que implica el acceso a una atención integral de la salud como derecho universal basado en la ciudadanía, plataforma ética de la reforma mexicana. Se describen asimismo las condiciones que llevaron a la reforma, así como su diseño y puesta en marcha, y se discute el proceso de implantación a nueve años de iniciado y las evidencias que dieron origen a actualizaciones y mejoras del programa original. El núcleo del informe se centra en los efectos e impactos de la reforma que se desprenden de la literatura sobre el tema, que incluye artículos científicos y otras publicaciones disponibles. La evidencia indica que el Seguro Popular está mejorando el acceso a los servicios de salud y reduciendo la prevalencia de los gastos en salud catastróficos y empobrecedores, especialmente entre los pobres. Estudios recientes muestran asimismo una mejora en la cobertura efectiva. También se discuten los desafíos prevalentes, incluyendo la necesidad de traducir los recursos financieros en servicios de salud más efectivos, equitativos y sensibles a las expectativas de los usuarios. Se requiere una nueva generación de reformas que incluya medidas sistémicas para consolidar la reorganización del sistema de salud por funciones. El artículo concluye con una discusión sobre las implicaciones de la búsqueda de la cobertura universal de salud en México y su importancia para otros países de ingresos bajos y medios.

Regularización laboral de trabajadores de la salud pagados con recursos del Seguro Popular en México / Labor regularization of health workers paid with funds from the Mexican System for Social Protection in Health

OBJETIVO: Describir y analizar el proceso de regularización del personal de salud pagado por el Sistema de Protección Social en Salud de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizan datos primarios y secundarios provenientes de la evaluación del Sistema de Protección Social en Salud en 2009. RESULTADOS: La regularización mejora las condiciones laborales de los trabajadores pero sus implicaciones para el conjunto del sistema no son necesariamente positivas. CONCLUSIONES: Se requiere considerar la necesidad de que este tipo de inversiones beneficien a todos los actores interesados, principalmente la población asegurada por el sistema.

OBJECTIVE: The process of regularization of workers paid by the Social Protection Health System of Mexico is described and analyzed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Primary and secondary data collected by the external evaluation of the Mexican System for Social Protection in Health in 2009 were used. RESULTS: The regularization clearly improved the labor conditions of workers contracted by the system but a broader systemic implication of regularization does not seem to be necessarily positive. CONCLUSION: It is important to consider the need to guarantee that this type of changes in the contractual conditions of workers benefit all actors, particularly the insured population.

Percepción de competencias en epidemiología en México y Colombia durante la epidemia de influenza A (H1N1) entre estudiantes de salud pública / Perception of epidemiological competencies by public health students in Mexico and Colombia during the influenza A (H1N1) epidemic

OBJETIVO: Conocer la percepción que los estudiantes de salud pública en México y en Colombia tuvieron sobre el manejo de la epidemia de influenza A (H1N1), como una forma para indagar qué contenidos curriculares pueden ser mejorados en la formación en epidemiología. MÉTODOS: Encuesta durante la epidemia, entre junio y agosto de 2009, a estudiantes de posgrado. Se evaluaron las 30 competencias epidemiológicas del Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists para "epidemiólogos intermedios". Se describieron los resultados estratificando por covariables, y se identificaron las competencias con menor desarrollo mediante análisis factorial exploratorio. RESULTADOS: Participaron 154 estudiantes, de los cuales 55,8 por ciento estaban en México. Se observaron diferencias importantes en el perfil de los estudiantes de ambos países, lo cual explica parcialmente la percepción de respuesta a la epidemia. En el análisis factorial el primer factor, que explica 21,5 por ciento de la varianza, presentó menores puntajes y se asoció con competencias relacionadas con el vínculo entre el personal sanitario y la comunidad, donde resultan relevantes conocimientos de ciencias sociales y habilidades de comunicación. CONCLUSIONES: Los estudiantes percibieron que la respuesta frente a la epidemia podría haber sido mejor. Se sugiere incorporar en la educación de los recursos humanos en salud pública temáticas sobre cultura y sus efectos sobre conductas y pensamientos, el reconocimiento de los prejuicios de los expertos, la comunicación efectiva con las comunidades, y la habilidad para adaptarse ante nuevas situaciones. El "experimento natural" de la epidemia facilitó la identificación de áreas de oportunidad para mejorar la enseñanza de la epidemiología ante contingencias sanitarias.

OBJECTIVE: Learn about the perception of public health students in Mexico and Colombia regarding the management of the influenza A (H1N1) epidemic to determine which curriculum contents in epidemiological education can be improved. METHODS: Survey administered to graduate students during the epidemic, from June to August 2009. The 30 epidemiological competencies for "intermediate epidemiologists" of the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists were evaluated. The results were described through stratification by covariables, and the less developed competencies were identified through exploratory factor analysis. RESULTS: A total of 154 students participated, 55.8 percent of whom were in Mexico. Significant differences in the student profile from each country were observed, which partially explains the perception of response to the epidemic. The first factor, which explains 21.5 percent of the variance, had lower scores in the factor analysis. This factor was associated with competencies related to the links between health personnel and the community, in which knowledge of the social sciences and communication skills are relevant. CONCLUSIONS: The students perceived that the response to the epidemic could have been better. It is suggested that public health human resources education include subjects related to the impact of culture on behavior and thinking, recognition of the prejudices of experts, effective community-level communication, and the ability to adapt to new situations. The "natural experiment" of the epidemic facilitated the identification of areas of opportunity to improve the teaching of epidemiology to health personnel.

[The health system of Peru]. / Sistema de salud de Perú

This paper describes the health conditions in Peru and, with greater detail, the Peruvian health system, including its structure and coverage, its financial sources, its physical, material and human resources, and its stewardship functions. It also discusses the activities developed in the information and research areas, as well as the participation of citizens in the operation and evaluation of the health system. The article concludes with a discussion of the most recent innovations, including the Comprehensive Health Insurance, the Health Care Enterprises system, the decentralization process and the Local Committees for Health Administration. The main challenge confronted by the Peruvian health system is the extension of coverage to more than I0% of the population presently lacking access to basic health care.

Sistema de salud de Perú / The health system of Peru

En este trabajo se describen las condiciones generales de salud de la población peruana y, con mayor detalle, el sistema peruano de salud: su estructura y cobertura, sus fuentes de financiamiento, los recursos físicos, materiales y humanos con los que cuenta, y las actividades de rectoría que en él se desarrollan. Asimismo se discute el estado en el que se encuentran la generación de información y la investigación, y la participación de los ciudadanos en la gestión y evaluación del sistema. El artículo concluye con una discusión de las innovaciones más recientes, dentro de las que destacan el Seguro Integral de Salud, el sistema de Empresas Prestadoras de Salud, el proceso de descentralización y los Comités Locales de Administración de Salud. El reto principal que enfrenta este sistema es ampliar la atención a la salud a poco más de 10 por ciento de la población que todavía no recibe servicios básicos.

This paper describes the health conditions in Peru and, with greater detail, the Peruvian health system, including its structure and coverage, its financial sources, its physical, material and human resources, and its stewardship functions. It also discusses the activities developed in the information and research areas, as well as the participation of citizens in the operation and evaluation of the health system. The article concludes with a discussion of the most recent innovations, including the Comprehensive Health Insurance, the Health Care Enterprises system, the decentralization process and the Local Committees for Health Administration. The main challenge confronted by the Peruvian health system is the extension of coverage to more than I0 percent of the population presently lacking access to basic health care.